Elementary statistics / Basilia Ebora Blay. --

Includes references and about the author.

About ELEMSTA ix -- Acknowledgement ix -- To the students x -- Modules -- Module One -- Definition of terms 1 -- Statistics 1 -- Descriptive statistics 1 -- Inferential statistics 2 -- Population, sample and statistic 3 -- Parameter 3 -- Data: Quantitative and qualitative 3 -- Data: Discrete and continuous 4 -- Constant variable 4 -- Variable: Dependent and independent 4 -- Number: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and ratio 4 -- Levels of measurements 4 -- Module two -- Determining sample size using Slovin's formula 7 -- Margin of error 7 -- Sampling error 8 -- Sampling techniques 9 -- Types of sampling techniques (Probability sampling and non-probability sampling 10 -- Data-gathering techniques 12 -- The questionnaire 13 -- Statement of the problem/objectives 14 -- The research design: Descriptive-comparative or descriptive-correlative 16 -- Module Three -- Textual presentation of data 20 -- Tabular presentation of data 20 -- Frequency distribution table 20 -- Complete frequency distribution 22 -- Contingency table 23 -- Graphical presentation of data 23 -- Bar chart 23 -- Histogram 23 -- Frequency polygon 23 -- Less and greater than Ogives 24 -- Pie chart 24 -- Multiple chart 24 -- Module Four -- Summation notation and the use of the calculator 26 -- Measures of central tendency 27 -- Mean 28 -- Median 31 -- Mode 32 -- Module Five -- Measures of variability 36 -- Range 37 - Variance 37 -- Standard deviation 38 -- Coefficient of variation 40 -- Measures of variability for grouped data 40 -- Shape of a distribution 42 -- Normal distribution 42 -- Skewness 42 -- Kurtosis 43 -- Module Six-- Normal distribution 47 -- Central limit theorem 47 -- Z-score 48 -- Areas under the normal curve 49 -- Problem application of areas under the normal curve 51 -- Table of areas under the normal curve 54 -- Module seven -- Inferential statistics 55 -- Hypothesis 55 -- Hypothesis testing 56 -- Types of hypothesis tests 57 -- Level of significance 57 -- Errors in hypothesis testing 58 -- Z-test on means 58 -- Approaches to hypothesis testing 59 -- Module Eight -- p-value 66 -- p-value approach to hypothesis testing 66 -- z-test for two-sample means 67 -- z-test on proportions 69 -- Chi-square test on K-proportions 69 -- Module Nine -- T-test 74 -- Hypothesis mean vs. Sample mean 75 -- Two independent samples 75 -- Dependent and correlated samples 76 -- Student distribution (t-table) 81 -- Module Ten -- Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 82 -- Post-ANOVA test 85 -- T-test as post-Anova test 85 -- Module Eleven -- Correlation analysis 89 -- Types of correlation 89 -- Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient 91 -- Testing the significance of correlation 92 -- T-test or F-test for slope method 92 -- Module Twelve -- Regression analysis 95 -- Linear regression of Y on X 95 -- Linear regression of X on Y 97 -- Simple time series analysis 98 -- Module Thirteen -- Assigning of ranks 100 -- Spearman rank order correlation or spearman Rho 101 Test on the significance of spearman Rho 102 -- Chi-square test for independence 103 -- Critical values of spearman rank correlation coefficient 107 -- References 109 -- Worksheets 111 About the author --

" This project is composed of 13 modules in Elementary Statistics that deal with toxics introductory and basic to applied statistics. Each module has objectives, true-to-life examples, and layman's definition of statistical terms. Worksheets for practice exercises are included, and weekly outputs are suggested. Rubrics for evaluating weekly outputs are also available. The text is Excel- and calculator-based, thus emphasis is on interpretations rather than on computations." --